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Reference · 8 min read · Updated 2026-04-14

Pseudomorphs: the shape of one mineral, the substance of another

When a mineral is replaced but keeps its predecessor outline, identification by shape fails completely.

What a pseudomorph is

A pseudomorph is a mineral that has taken on the crystal form of a different mineral, through replacement, alteration or infilling of a cavity left by dissolution.

The classic example is limonite after pyrite: perfect pyrite cubes composed entirely of iron oxides.

Reading them

The convention is to write the new mineral, then after, then the original: goethite after pyrite, quartz after fluorite, malachite after azurite.

They are more informative than ordinary specimens, because they record a sequence of events rather than a single moment.

The identification trap

A cubic outline suggests a cubic mineral, and pseudomorphs break that inference cleanly. Test hardness and streak rather than trusting the shape.

This is precisely why habit is treated as a hint rather than evidence.

Why collectors pay for them

A pseudomorph records a change in conditions — a fluid arriving, an oxidation front passing through, a cavity opening and refilling. That makes it evidence rather than merely an object.

Well-documented examples from a known locality are consistently more sought after than ordinary specimens of either mineral involved, because the sequence they preserve cannot be reconstructed from anything else.